MEMORY MANAGEMENT

MEMORY MANAGEMENT

This chapter explains dynamic memory management in C. The C programming
language provides several functions for memory allocation and management.
These functions can be found in the <stdlib.h> header file.

Function and Description

1 void *calloc(int num, int size);
This function allocates an array of num elements each of which size in
bytes will be size.

2 void free(void *address);
This function releases a block of memory block specified by address.

3 void *malloc(int num);
This function allocates an array of num bytes and leave them initialized.

4 void *realloc(void *address, int newsize);
This function re-allocates memory extending it upto newsize.

Allocating Memory Dynamically

While programming, if you are aware of the size of an array, then it is easy and
you can define it as an array. For example, to store a name of any person, it can
go up to a maximum of 100 characters, so you can define something as follows:

char name[100];

But now let us consider a situation where you have no idea about the length of
the text you need to store, for example, you want to store a detailed description
about a topic. Here we need to define a pointer to character without defining
how much memory is required and later, based on requirement, we can allocate
memory as shown in the below example:

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char name[100]; char *description; strcpy(name, "Zara Ali"); /* allocate memory dynamically */ description = malloc( 200 * sizeof(char) ); if( description == NULL ) { fprintf(stderr, "Error - unable to allocate required memory\n"); } else { strcpy( description, "Zara ali a DPS student in class 10th"); } printf("Name = %s\n", name ); printf("Description: %s\n", description ); }

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result.

Name = Zara Ali Description: Zara ali a DPS student in class 10th

Same program can be written using calloc(); only thing is you need to replace
malloc with calloc as follows:

calloc(200, sizeof(char));

So you have complete control and you can pass any size value while allocating
memory, unlike arrays where once the size is defined, you cannot change it.

Resizing and Releasing Memory

When your program comes out, operating system automatically release all the
memory allocated by your program but as a good practice when you are not in
need of memory anymore then you should release that memory by calling the
function free().

Alternatively, you can increase or decrease the size of an allocated memory
block by calling the function realloc(). Let us check the above program once
again and make use of realloc() and free() functions:

#include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string.h> int main() { char name[100]; char *description; strcpy(name, "Zara Ali"); /* allocate memory dynamically */ description = malloc( 30 * sizeof(char) ); if( description == NULL ) { fprintf(stderr, "Error - unable to allocate required memory\n"); } else { strcpy( description, "Zara ali a DPS student."); } /* suppose you want to store bigger description */ description = realloc( description, 100 * sizeof(char) ); if( description == NULL ) { fprintf(stderr, "Error - unable to allocate required memory\n"); } else { strcat( description, "She is in class 10th"); } printf("Name = %s\n", name ); printf("Description: %s\n", description ); /* release memory using free() function */ free(description); }

When the above code is compiled and executed, it produces the following result.

Name = Zara Ali Description: Zara ali a DPS student.She is in class 10th

You can try the above example without re-allocating extra memory, and strcat()
function will give an error due to lack of available memory in description.